Shipment versus programme
A shipment sells FOB at the sharpest price in the inbox. A programme sells availability: EU stock, weekly replenishment, seasonal builds, claims closed in days. The programme premium is structural — and it books in the entity that holds the stock.
The compliance stack, owned
Fibre labelling, product safety, the incoming textile EPR, and buyers’ due-diligence audits: the BV (besloten vennootschap, the Dutch private limited company) carries the names and presents the factory group’s file first-hand — the same compliance-as-asset move the region’s leaders are making.
The mechanics
GSP+ keeps the duty line at zero on origin paperwork; Article 23 keeps the VAT out of the cashflow; OSS opens own-brand D2C next to retail. One administration, per the cashflow arithmetic.
The entity
The setup from Pakistan: the companies route.